What characterizes a variable ratio schedule?

A variable ratio schedule is characterized by the fact that reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses. This means that the number of responses required for reinforcement can change after each occurrence, creating a sense of uncertainty and anticipation for the learner. Because the responses are reinforced after a random number of them, this schedule is often highly effective in maintaining behaviors. It encourages individuals to continue responding because they cannot predict when the next reinforcement might occur, leading to a higher rate of responding compared to fixed schedules.

For instance, if you think of a slot machine, you might pull the lever several times before hitting a jackpot, but you don’t know how many times you’ll need to play; this unpredictability keeps you engaged and responsive. In systems employing variable ratio schedules, behaviors are typically maintained over longer periods due to this element of surprise and variable reinforcement outcome.