Reinforcement can be based on which of the following?

Reinforcement is a key concept in behavioral psychology that refers to the process of increasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a consequence that the individual finds rewarding. This can be achieved through two primary methods: positive reinforcement, which involves the presentation of a stimulus that is desirable after a behavior, and negative reinforcement, which involves the removal of an aversive stimulus following a behavior.

The correct choice, focusing on 'presentation or removal,' captures these two fundamental approaches to reinforcement. For instance, if a child engages in a wanted behavior and is given praise (presentation of a positive stimulus), that behavior is likely to increase. Conversely, if a child is allowed to escape a chore (removal of an aversive stimulus) because they cleaned their room, that also reinforces the behavior of cleaning.

The other concepts presented in the options, such as reaction or observation, endorsement or dismissal, and imitation or isolation, do not directly relate to the principles of reinforcement as they relate more to social behavior and observational learning rather than the process of modifying behavior through rewards or the removal of negative stimuli. Thus, focusing on 'presentation or removal' accurately reflects the mechanisms involved in reinforcement strategies.