In a variable-ratio schedule, when is reinforcement provided?

In a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses. This means that the exact number of responses required for reinforcement changes each time, creating a scenario where the participant cannot predict when the next reward will occur. This unpredictability leads to a higher rate of responding because individuals continue to engage in the behavior with the hope of receiving reinforcement.

For example, a common real-world illustration is slot machines in casinos; players do not know how many times they need to play before winning, which encourages them to keep playing. The uncertainty of rewards keeps individuals motivated to perform the desired behavior consistently. This method of reinforcement is particularly effective in maintaining high levels of engagement and response rates over time.