How does a fixed ratio schedule operate?

A fixed ratio schedule is characterized by the delivery of reinforcement after a specific number of responses have been made. This means that the individual must complete a predetermined number of actions to receive a reward. For example, if a behavior must occur five times before reinforcement is provided, the schedule is considered fixed because that number does not change across trials.

This predictability in the number of responses required creates a strong relationship between the behavior and the reward. As a result, individuals often exhibit a high rate of responding while working towards the goal since they know exactly how many responses are needed for reinforcement. This kind of schedule can lead to bursts of activity as the individual approaches the set response requirement, reflecting their motivation to attain the reward.

In contrast, the other options describe different reinforcement schedules: variable ratios involve unpredictable response requirements, fixed intervals focus on the timing of reinforcement rather than the number of responses, and variable intervals are based on unpredictable timing, all of which do not align with the fundamental principle of a fixed ratio schedule.