How do Variable Schedules of Reinforcement differ from Fixed Schedules?

Variable schedules of reinforcement are characterized by the delivery of reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses. This means that the exact number of responses required to receive reinforcement can vary, which creates a level of uncertainty for the learner. This unpredictability can lead to a higher rate of responding, as the subject cannot anticipate when the next reinforcement will come, encouraging persistence in behavior.

In contrast, fixed schedules provide a consistent and predictable reinforcement after a specific number of responses or after a set amount of time has passed. For instance, a fixed ratio schedule offers reinforcement after a set number of responses, while a fixed interval schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed period. This predictability can lead to a decrease in responding after reinforcement, as the subject may understand when to expect the next reward.

In summary, the key distinction is that variable schedules create a sense of unpredictability about when reinforcement will occur, which is motivating and can sustain higher levels of performance over time.