How do variable reinforcement schedules typically affect behavior compared to fixed schedules?

Variable reinforcement schedules are known for producing higher rates of behavior when compared to fixed schedules. This is because a variable schedule reinforces a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses or after varying amounts of time have passed, which creates uncertainty about when the next reward will occur. This unpredictability encourages organisms to continue engaging in the behavior, as they are motivated by the potential for reward.

In contrast, fixed reinforcement schedules provide rewards after a set number of responses or a predetermined amount of time, which can lead to predictable patterns of behavior and may result in the subject losing interest as they learn the timing of the rewards. With variable schedules, the unpredictability creates a stronger and more persistent engagement in the behavior, as subjects are less likely to stop performing the behavior when they are unsure when the next reinforcement will occur. This is why variable reinforcement schedules are often used in contexts such as gambling or game design, where they are effective in maintaining player engagement over time.